Scrums may collapse or result in penalties due to various factors, including technical infractions, uneven pressure, improper binding, or unsafe engagement. These issues can disrupt the stability and integrity of the scrum, posing risks to player safety and fair contestation. Referees closely monitor scrum dynamics and penalize any actions that violate scrum laws or endanger players. Teams must prioritize proper technique, communication, and discipline to minimize scrum-related penalties and maintain a competitive advantage.